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Introduction1

1 Terminology and Introduction to the Concept of Restitution for Wrongs11

Ⅰ First Things First11

Ⅱ Restitution11

A English Law12

i Restitution and Disgorgement12

ii Quadrationism versus Multicausalism15

B German Law19

C Italian Law22

Ⅲ Wrong24

A English Law24

B German Law27

C Italian Law29

Ⅳ Setting the Terminological Premises31

A Wrongs32

B Law of Tort and Law of Delict33

C Compensation and Restitution for Wrongs33

D Restitution for Wrongs and Restitution for Unjust Enrichment34

2 Restitution in the Context of the Law of Obligations37

Ⅰ Legal Analysis37

A English Law38

i The Compensatory Principle38

ii Waiver of Tort41

iii Unjust Enrichment41

B German Law42

i The Law of Damages43

ii Non-Wrongful Responses45

C Italian Law46

i The Law of Damages47

ii Non-Wrongful Responses49

Ⅱ Some Remarks50

3 Comparative Analysis: Proprietary and Intellectual Property Wrongs53

Ⅰ Organisation of the Analysis53

A Compensatory Damages which Resemble Restitutionary Damages54

B Proper Restitutionary Damages55

C Scheme of the Comparative Analysis55

Ⅱ Proprietary Wrongs56

A English Law56

i Conversion56

ii Other Cases60

B German Law65

C Italian Law68

Ⅲ Intellectual Property Wrongs73

A English Law73

B German Law77

C Italian Law80

4 Comparative Analysis: Breach of Contract83

Ⅰ English Law83

Ⅱ German Law92

A Law of Delict92

B Law of Contract94

C Law of Unjustified Enrichment97

Excursus: The scope of para 285 (1) BGB99

Ⅲ Italian Law99

A Law of Delict100

B Law of Contract101

C Law of Unjust Enrichment101

5 Comparative Analysis: Other Wrongs and Concluding Observations105

Ⅰ Other Wrongs105

A English Law105

i Breach of Fiduciary Duty105

ii Breach of Confidence107

B German Law108

i Breach of Fiduciary Duty109

ii Breach of Confidence110

iii Violation of Personality Rights110

C Italian Law115

i Breach of Fiduciary Duty116

ii Violation of Personality Rights116

iii 'Environmental Damage'118

iv Other Cases of Restitution in a Delictual Context120

Ⅱ Concluding Observations122

A The Set of Premises122

B Two Considerations123

C The Relationship with Restitution for Unjust Enrichment123

D Restitution for Wrongs in the Three Jurisdictions125

E Some Obstacles125

6 The Roman Law of Damages127

Ⅰ The Role of Non-Compensatory Responses127

Ⅱ Legal Responses to Wrongs128

Ⅲ The Punitive Character of the Roman Law of Delict129

Ⅳ Penal and Compensatory Actions131

ARes and Poena132

B Main Features of the Penal Actions133

Ⅴ Restitution in the Roman Law of Damages133

A The actiones in id quod ad eos pervenit134

B Contractual Restitutionary Damages?137

Ⅵ Evolution of the Law of Damages in the Post-Classical Period139

Ⅶ The Law of Damages in the Ius Commune140

Ⅷ Some Reflections143

A The Actions in id quod ad eos pervenit as Restitutionary Claims for Wrongs143

B The Claim of D 19. 1.23144

C Limited Application of Restitution for Wrongs145

D An Historical Explanation146

7 The Law of Damages in the Tradition of Aristotelian Philosophy147

Ⅰ Introduction147

Ⅱ The Aristotelian Approach to Responses to Wrongdoing148

A Aristotle's Ethics148

i The Requirements to Identify the Just Man149

ii Particular Justice149

iii Corrective Justice150

iv Retaliation152

B The Expansion of Aristotelian Ideas in Western Europe152

C The Rediscovery of Aristotle153

i St Thomas and the Aristotelian Doctrine153

ii Distributive and Corrective Justice154

iii Restitutio155

D The Spanish Late Scholastics and Grotius157

i Restitution according to Franciscus de Vitoria158

ii Restitution according to Dominicus Soto159

iii The concept of damage in Grotius161

Ⅲ Aristotelian Theory and Law of Damages162

A Diorthotic Justice163

B The Theory of Mean163

C Aristotelian Responses164

i Punishment164

ii Restitution165

iii The co-operatores166

iv Retaliation167

Ⅳ The Influence of Philosophical Analysis over Legal Interpretation167

A The Historical and the Philosophical Factors167

B Greek Philosophy in the Context of Roman Legal Science168

i Roman Lawyers168

ii The Glossators170

8 Modern Aristotelian Approaches to Restitution for Wrongs173

Ⅰ Introduction173

Ⅱ German Legal Theory and Aristotelian Justice174

A The General Studies on Private Law174

B Esser's Theory of Distributive Justice176

Ⅲ A Moral Instrumentalist Theory on the Law of Damages178

A A 'Moral' and 'Instrumentalist' Theory178

B Agent-Specific and Agent-General Duties179

C Corrective Justice and Legal Analysis of Tort Law180

i Conceptions of corrective justice180

ii Coleman's theory in a legal context181

iii Restitutionary justice183

iv Coleman's legal analysis and restitution for wrongs183

Ⅳ A Moral Formalist Theory on the Law of Damages185

A A Kantian Approach to Corrective Justice185

B Restitutionary Damages as Corrective Justice187

C Weinrib's Analysis and Restitution for Wrongs189

i Corrective justice according to Weinrib189

ii Proprietary rights and tortious protection of property190

iii Pseudo-restitutionary damages192

Ⅴ Corrective Justice and Restitution for Wrongs193

9 Wrongs and Restitution197

Ⅰ Introduction197

Ⅱ Birks' Three Tests198

Ⅲ Protection of Facilitative Institutions200

Ⅳ General Acceptance202

Ⅴ Position of the Law Commission203

Ⅵ Restitution Disgorgement and Deterrence205

Ⅶ The Requirements of the Claim209

Ⅷ The Object of the Restitutionary Claim213

Ⅸ Election between Compensation and Restitution215

Ⅹ The Neutrality of Restitution for Wrongs218

Ⅺ The A FortioriArgument219

Ⅻ Conclusions220

10 Final Observations223

Ⅰ The Outcome of the Research223

Ⅱ The Chosen Avenue225

Ⅲ Law of Obligations and Restitution for Wrongs226

Ⅳ The Comparative Perspective227

Ⅴ The Historical Perspective229

Ⅵ The Philosophical Perspective230

Bibliography233

Index243