分离过程原理：英文 影印本【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Chapter 1 Separation Processes1

1.1 Industrial Chemical Processes1

1.2 Mechanism of Separation5

1.3 Separation by Phase Addition or Creation7

1.4 Separation by Barrier14

1.5 Separation by Solid Agent16

1.6 Separation by External Field or Gradient18

1.7 Component Recoveries and Product Purities19

1.8 Separation Power22

1.9 Selection of Feasible Separation Processes23

Summary27

References28

Exercises28

Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Separation Operations31

2.1 Energy, Entropy, and Availability Balances31

2.2 Phase Equilibria36

Fugacities and Activity Coefficients37

K-Values38

2.3 Ideal Gas, Ideal Liquid Solution Model42

2.4 Graphical Correlations of Thermodynamic Properties47

2.5 Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models51

P-v-T Equation-of-State Models54

Derived Thermodynamic Properties from P-v-T Models58

2.6 Activity Coefficient Models for the Liquid Phase63

Activity Coefficients from Gibbs Free Energy63

Regular Solution Model64

Chao-Seader Correlation66

Nonideal Liquid Solutions68

van Laar Equation72

Margules Equations72

Local Composition Concept and Wilson Equation74

NRTL Equation78

UNIQUAC Equation79

UNIFAC Equation80

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria82

Summary83

References83

Exercises84

Chapter 3 Mass Transfer and Diffusion90

3.1 Steady-State Ordinary Molecular Diffusion91

Fick s Law of Diffusion92

Velocities in Mass Transfer92

Equimolar Counterdiffusion93

Unimolecular Diffusion95

3.2 Diffusion Coefficients99

Diffusivity in Gas Mixtures99

Diffusivity in Liquid Mixtures101

Diffusivity in Solids109

Steady State117

3.3 One-Dimensional Steady-State and Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion117

Unsteady State118

3.4 Molecular Diffusion in Laminar Flow126

Falling Liquid Film127

Boundary-Layer Flow on a Flat Plate133

Fully Developed Flow in a Straight, Circular Tube136

3.5 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow140

Reynolds Analogy141

Chilton-Colburn Analogy142

Prandtl Analogy143

3.6 Models for Mass Transfer at a Fluid-Fluid Interface144

Film Theory145

Penetration Theory146

Surface Renewal Theory147

Film-Penetration Theory149

3.7 Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients150

Gas-Liquid Case150

Liquid-Liquid Case153

Case of Large Driving Forces for Mass Transfer154

Summary157

References158

Exercises159

Chapter 4 Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations163

4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom163

Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis164

4.2 Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems166

4.3 Azeotropic Systems173

4.4 Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and Dew-Point Calculations176

Isothermal Flash178

Bubble and Dew Points181

Adiabatic Flash184

4.5 Ternary Liquid-Liquid Systems186

4.6 Multicomponent Liquid-Liquid Systems195

4.7 Solid-Liquid Systems198

Leaching198

Crystallization201

Liquid Adsorption204

4.8 Gas-Liquid Systems207

Sublimation and Desublimation211

4.9 Gas-Solid Systems211

Gas Adsorption212

4.10 Multiphase Systems213

Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Solid System214

Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System215

Rigorous Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System218

Summary220

References221

Exercises222

5.1 Cascade Configurations232

Chapter 5 Cascades232

5.2 Solid-Liquid Cascades234

5.3 Single-Section Liquid-Liquid Extraction Cascades237

Cocurrent Cascade238

Crosscurrent Cascade239

Countercurrent Cascade239

5.4 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Cascades241

Single-Section Cascades by Group Methods242

Two-Section Cascades246

5.5 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Countercurrent Cascades253

Stream Variables254

Adiabatic or Nonadiabatic Equilibrium Stage254

Single-Section Countercurrent Cascade255

Two-Section Countercurrent Cascades257

Summary263

References264

Exercises264

Chapter 6 Absorption and Stripping of Dilute Mixtures270

6.1 Equipment273

6.2 General Design Considerations281

6.3 Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers282

Minimum Absorbent Flow Rate284

Number of Equilibrium Stages285

6.4 Algebraic Method for Determining the Number of Equilibrium Stages289

6.5 Stage Efficiency292

Performance Data293

Empirical Correlations294

Semitheoretical Models299

Scale-up from Laboratory Data303

6.6 Tray Capacity, Pressure Drop, and Mass Transfer305

Tray Diameter306

Tray Vapor Pressure Drop310

Mass Transfer Coefficients and Transfer Units312

Weeping, Entrainment, and Downcomer Backup315

6.7 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns317

6.8 Packed Column Efficiency, Capacity, and Pressure Drop325

Liquid Holdup325

Capacity and Pressure Drop330

Mass Transfer Efficiency335

6.9 Concentrated Solutions in Packed Columns342

Summary346

References347

Exercises348

Chapter 7 Distillation of Binary Mixtures355

7.1 Equipment and Design Considerations358

7.2 McCabe-Thiele Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers359

Rectifying Section362

Stripping Section365

Feed-Stage Considerations366

Limiting Conditions369

Determination of Number of Equilibrium Stages and Feed-Stage Location369

Column Operating Pressure and Condenser Type374

Subcooled Reflux376

Reboiler Type380

Condenser and Reboiler Duties381

Feed Preheat382

Optimal Reflux Ratio382

Large Number of Stages384

Use of Murphree Efficiency386

Multiple Feeds, Side Streams, and Open Steam387

Performance Data391

7.3 Estimation of Stage Efficiency391

Empirical Correlations392

Semitheoretical Models395

Scale-up from Laboratory Data396

7.4 Capacity of Trayed Towers and Reflux Drums397

Reflux Drums397

7.5 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns398

HETP Method399

HTU Method400

7.6 Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers404

Summary406

References407

Exercises408

Chapter 8 Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems419

8.1 Equipment423

Mixer-Settlers424

Spray Columns426

Packed Columns426

Plate Columns426

Columns with Mechanically Assisted Agitation427

8.2 General Design Considerations432

8.3 Hunter and Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method438

Number of Equilibrium Stages440

Minimum and Maximum Solvent-to-Feed Flow-Rate Ratios444

Use of Right-Triangle Diagrams448

Use of an Auxiliary Distribution Curve451

Extract and Raffinate Reflux453

8.4 Maloney and Schubert Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method459

Mixer-Settler Units465

8.5 Theory and Scale-up of Extractor Performance465

Multicompartment Columns475

Axial Dispersion480

Summary484

References485

Exercises486

Chapter 9 Approximate Methods for Multicomponent, Multistage Separations492

9.1 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method492

Selection of Two Key Components493

Column Operating Pressure495

Fenske Equation for Minimum Equilibrium Stages497

Distribution of Nonkey Components at Total Reflux500

Underwood Equations for Minimum Reflux501

Gilliland Correlation for Actual Reflux Ratio and Theoretical Stages508

Feed-Stage Location511

Distribution of Nonkey Components at Actual Reflux512

9.2 Kremser Group Method514

Strippers514

Liquid-Liquid Extraction518

References521

Summary521

Exercises522

Chapter 10 Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction526

10.1 Theoretical Model for an Equilibrium Stage526

10.2 General Strategy of Mathematical Solution530

10.3 Equation-Tearing Procedures531

Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm531

Bubble-Point Method for Distillation534

Sum-Rates Method for Absorption and Stripping544

Isothermal Sum-Rates Method for Liquid-Liquid Extraction551

10.4 Simultaneous Correction Procedures555

10.5 Inside-Out Method569

MESH Equations571

Rigorous and Complex Thermodynamic Property Models571

Approximate Thermodynamic Property Models572

Inside-Out Algorithm573

Summary577

References578

Exercises579

Chapter 11 Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction586

11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs587

Residue-Curve Maps591

Distillation-Curve Maps599

Product-Composition Regions at Total Reflux602

11.2 Extractive Distillation604

11.3 Salt Distillation611

11.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation612

11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation616

11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation621

Multiplicity627

11.7 Reactive Distillation631

11.8 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction641

Summary650

References651

Exercises653

Chapter 12 Rate-Based Models for Distillation655

12.1 Rate-Based Model658

12.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions662

12.3 Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interracial Area667

ChemSep Program668

12.5 Method of Calculation668

12.4 Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns668

RATEFRAC Program674

Summary677

References677

Exercises677

Chapter 13 Batch Distillation681

13.1 Differential Distillation681

13.2 Binary Batch Rectification with Constant Reflux and Variable Distillate Composition685

13.3 Binary Batch Rectification with Constant Distillate Composition and Variable Reflux688

13.4 Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation689

13.5 Effect of Liquid Holdup691

13.6 Shortcut Method for Multicomponent Batch Rectification with Constant Reflux691

13.7 Stage-by-Stage Methods for Multicomponent Batch Rectification695

Rigorous Model695

Rigorous Integration Method698

Rapid Solution Method705

Summary708

References708

Exercises709

Chapter 14 Membrane Separations713

14.1 Membrane Materials718

14.2 Membrane Modules722

14.3 Transport in Membranes725

Porous Membranes725

Bulk Flow726

Liquid Diffusion728

Gas Diffusion729

Nonporous Membranes731

Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures731

Solution-Diffusion for Gas Mixtures733

Module Flow Patterns738

Cascades741

Concentration Polarization745

14.4 Dialysis and Electrodialysis747

Electrodialysis750

14.5 Reverse Osmosis755

14.6 Gas Permeation761

14.7 Pervaporation765

Summary771

Exercises773

References773

Chapter 15 Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography778

15.1 Sorbents781

Adsorbents782

Ion Exchangers789

Sorbents for Chromatography792

15.2 Equilibrium Considerations794

Pure Gas Adsorption794

Liquid Adsorption802

Ion Exchange Equilibria806

Equilibria in Chromatography810

15.3 Kinetic and Transport Considerations811

External Transport812

Internal Transport816

Mass Transfer in Ion Exchange and Chromatography818

15.4 Sorption Systems820

Adsorption820

Ion Exchange824

Chromatography825

Slurry Adsorption (Contact Filtration)827

Fixed-Bed Adsorption (Percolation)831

Thermal-Swing Adsorption843

Pressure-Swing Adsorption848

Continuous Countercurrent Adsorption Systems856

Ion-Exchange Cycle861

Chromatographic Separations863

Summary870

References872

Exercises873

Index881