ELECTRICAL METERMEN’S HANDBOOK SIXTH EDITION【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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SECTION 1 THE METER DEPARTMENT1

Functions1

Organisation1

Public Relations1

Education2

Safety3

SECTION 2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS5

Alphabetical List of TechnicalTerms, with Definitions5

SECTION 3 METHODS OF MEASURE-MENT AND PRINCIPLESOF METERS25

MEASUREMBNT OF POWOR25

Direct-Current Circuits26

Alterna -Current Circuits26

Single-Phase Circuits26

Pol Circuits27

Two-phase Circuits27

Three-phase Circuits28

Indicating Wattmeters30

Blondel's Theorem for PolyphasCircuit Power30

Two-Wattmeter Method31

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY32

Register33

Magnetic Brake33

D-C Watthour Meters34

Commutator Type Meter34

Mercury-Motor Meter34

A-C Watthour Meters35

Multi-Element Meters38

Multi-Element Duplex Meters38

Multi-Circuit Meters38

Methods of Compensating for Er-rors in A-C Meters38

Temperature Compensation38

Friction Compensation40

Lag Adjustment40

Driving Torque Balance for Mul-ti-Element Meters42

Load Characteristics42

Voltage Characteristics43

Frequency Characteristic44

Wave Form Distortion44

Methods of Connection45

POWER FACtOR.DETERMINATION45

Measurement of Kva and Kvars（Reactive Kva）48

Kvar Measurement49

Kva Measurement51

SECTION 4 PRINCIPLES OF DEMANDMETERS55

Classification of Demand Meters55

Class 1—Curve Drawing Meters55

Class 2—Integrated-demand Me-ters56

Class 3—Lagged-Demand Meters66

Specifications for Indicating Ther-mal Watt Demand Meters70

EEI Specification MS-571

SECTION 5 INSTRUMENT TRANS-FORMERS73

Potential Transformers73

Uses73

Principle of Operation73

Permanence of Accuracy74

Effect of Variation in PrimaryVoltage74

Effect of Frequency Variation and Wave Form74

Current Transformers75

Uses75

Principle of Operation75

Permanence o Accuracy76

Magnetisation of Core76

Effect of Frequency Variation76

Effect of Wave Form76

Inherent Design Compensation forRatio Error and Phase Angle76

Nickel-Iron Alloys77

Compensating Windings77

Effect of Instrument Transformerson the Accuracy of Measure-ment78

Ratio Correction Factor （RCF）78

Phase Angle Correction Factor（PACF）78

Transformer Correction Factor（TCF）82

Final Correction Factor （FCF）82

Determination of Meter Adjust-ment to Compensate for Trans-former Errors82

Method 184

Method 285

Instrument TransformeBurdens86

Secondary Burden86

Classification of Errors86

Current Transformer Burden86

Potential Transformer Burdens87

Errors Due to Secondary Wiring87

Polypbase Burdens87

Instrument Transformer Types88

Potential Transformers88

Autotransformers88

Three-Wire and Double RatioCurrent Transformers89

Window-Type Current Trans-formers89

Multiple-Ratio Current Trans-formers90

Split-Core Type Current Trans-formers90

Representative Types90

Multi-Range Instrument Trans-formers90

Knopp Uniload System94

General Requirements for Instru-ment Transformers94

Insulation Co-ordination95

Maintenance and Testing95

Care in Handling95

Insulating Liquids95

Test Methods95

Test for Insulation of InstrumentTransformers96

Wave Shape97

Polarity97

Testing of Instrument Transform-ers for Ratio and Phase Angle98

Grounding of Instrument Trans-former Secondaries and Cases110

Caution in Opening Secondary ofCurrent Transformer112

Checking Connections112

Current Transformer Checking by Heavy Burden115

Instrument TransformerStandards115

Some Provisions of ASA Standard C-57116

Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Expressed116

Standard Ratings116

Standard Burdens121

Standard Accuracy Classes for Metering Service121

Standurd Accuracy Classes for Current Transformers for Re-laying Service125

Standard Impulse Tests125

Standard Applied Potential Tests125

EEI-AEIC Specifications for Coor-dinated and Standardized LowVoltage Metering CurrentTransformers （MS2-1940）125

Purpose125

Requirements126

EEI-AEIC Specifications for Stand-ard Current Transformers forPrimary Circuits （MS3-1942）127

Purpose127

Insulation Classes and ImpulseLevels127

Recommended Ratings for BillingMetering127

Dimensions127

SECTION 6 SPECIAL METERING131

Metering Domestic Water Heater Loads131

Time Switch Control131

Carrier Current Control132

References133

Single-Phase Varhour and Volt-Ampere-Hour Measurements133

Varhour Measurements133

Volt-Ampere-Hour Measurements134

Compensating Metering for Trans-former Losses136

Principles136

Determination of Losses139

Application139

Meter Tests144

Other Methods146

Summary149

References150

Measurement of Integrated Line Losses150

Load Totalization151

Local Totalization152

Differential Totalization158

References166

Remote Metering and ing166

Extension ofInstrument Trans-former Secondaries168

Remote Location of Demand Meters168

References175

Kilowatthour Measurement Above Predetermined Demand Levels175

References176

SECTION 7 METER WIRING DIAGRAMS177

Symbols for Metering Diagrams177

Meter Connection Diagrams177

Phase Sequence and Identification177

Phase Shifting Methods and De-vices177

Power Factor177

SECTION 8 METER INSTALLATIONS201

Selection of Metering Equipment201

Power Installations201

Installation Practice201

Service and Meter Location202

Primary Metering210

Installation of Demand Meters214

Provision for Future MeteringRequirements on Customers'Installations215

Inactive Service Practice215

SECTION 9 ROUTINE METER TESTING217

Test Methods217

Portable Standard Watthour Me-ter Method217

Indicating Instrument Method220

Stroboscopic Method221

Service Tests223

Periodic Test Routine225

Rules of Procedure—General225

Testing Routine225

“As Found” Tests225

“As Left” Tests226

Adjustments226

Full-Load Adjustment226

Light-Load Adjustmen226

Lag Adjustment226

Creep227

Bearings227

Registers227

Causes of Friction228

Defective Current and PotentialCoils228

Polyphase Watthour Meters228

Shop Test for Independence ofElements228

Shop Test for Balance of Ele-ments228

Assuring Correct Connections229

Testing of Varhour Meters230

Testing Meters Installed With In-strument Transformers230

Testing Connections230

Auxiliary Equipment230

Loading Methods230

Meter-Connection Devices231

High-Voltage Connection and Test Devices231

Leads and Terminals231

Phase-Sequence Indicators231

Register Testing and Checking232

Testing Demand Meters235

Demand Registers235

Contact-Operated Demand Me-ters237

Totalizing Relays238

Graphic Watthour Demand Me-ters238

Thermal Watt Demand Meters238

SECTION 10 METER READING247

How to Read a Watthour Meter247

How to Read a Demand Meter249

SECTION 11 THE METER SHOP255

Power Sources255

Standardizing Equipment257

Maintenance Equipment257

Portable Standard Watthour Me-ter Test Tables257

Watthour Meter Test Tables257

Demand Meter Test Tables263

Time Switch Test Tables263

Meter Repair Tables263

Meter Shop Trucks267

Shop Tools267

Painting Equipment267

Instrument Transformer Testing Equipment267

Meter Jewel Bearing Inspection Eq uipment268

Rubber Goods Testing Equip-ment268

Instruments and Measuring Equip-ment for Meter Shop and Field268

Register Checking Devices268

Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters270

Portable Type Loading Devices270

Ohmmeters271

Clip-On Type Ammeters271

Graphic or Curve Drawing In-struments271

Current Transformer TestingEquipment273

Potential Transfomer TestingEquipment273

Precautions in Using Portable In-struments and Meters275

Care of Instruments275

Influence of Temperature275

Direct-Current Instruments275

Alternating-Current Instruments276

Influence of Stray Fields276

Mechanical Effects277

Accuracy of Observations277

SECTION 12 THE METER LABORATORY279

Scope and Functions279

Fundamental Standards280

List of Essential Laboratory Equip-ment280

Selection of Instruments and Re-lated Equipment281

Laboratory Layout282

Standard Cells284

Standard Resisttors284

Potentiometers285

Types286

Care and Use of Potentiometer Equipment287

Calibration of Potentiometer287

Volt Boxes288

Calibration of Volt Boxes288

Galvanometers288

Secondary Standards288

Direct Current288

Alternating Current288

Periodic Certification289

Instruments for Measuring Resist-ance290

Horological Standards291

Synchronous Timers292

Chronographs293

Portable Working Standards293

Direct-Current Instruments293

Alternating-Current Instruments294

Periodic Certification294

Precision Test Equipment for Cur-rent and Potential Transform-ers294

Recommended Schedule for Certi-fication of Standards294

Miscellaneous Test Instruments,A-C and D-C296

Power Factor Meters296

Frequency Meters297

Ohmmeters298

Oscillograph298

Photoelectric Cell Type Reoord-ers300

Potentiometer Type Recorders300

Temperature Indicators and Re-corders302

Phase Shifters, Laboratory Types303

Induction Regulators304

SECTION13 DUNCAN ELECTRIC MANU-FACTURING COMPANY METERS307

Alternating-Current Watthour Me-ters307

Type MD Watthour Meters307

Type MF Watthour Meters309

Type MG Watthour Meters312

Switchboard Meters313

Detailed Data and Constants Tables314

Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters314

Model T-4314

Model TM314

Demand Meters314

Demand Registers314

Duncan Thermal Demand Me-ters317

Meter Data320

Directions for Use of Tables320

SECTION 14 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY METERS325

Single-Phase Meters325

Type I-15—One Element325

Type I-16—One Element325

Type I-20—One Element325

Type I-20-S—One Element325

Type I-30-A—One Element325

Type I-30-S—One Element325

Type I-50-A—One Element325

Type I-50-S—One Element328

Two-Element Three-Wire Meters328

Type I-18—Two Element328

Type V-2-A—Two Element328

Type V-2-8—Two Element328

Polyphase Meters328

Type D-8—Two Element328

Types D-9 and D-13—Three Ele-ment328

Type D-14—Two Element328

Type D-15—Three Element329

Type Vseries—Two Element329

Type V-series—Three Element329

Switchboard Meters329

Type IS-series—One Element329

Type DS-series—Two and Three Element331

Instrument Transformer Rated Me-ters331

Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters332

Type IB-7332

Type IB-8332

Type IB-9333

Type IB-10334

Special Meters334

Type IR-20-A—One Element334

Type IR-20-S—One Element334

Type IR-30-A—One Element334

Type IR-30-S—One Element334

Totalizing Watthour Meters335

Autotransformers335

Meter Bearings337

Pivot Type Bearing337

Ball Type Bearings337

Indicating Demand Registers338

Type M-10 Register338

Type M-14 Register338

Type M-20 Register338

Type M-21 Register340

Type M-30 Register343

Type M-31 Register343

Recording Watthour DemanMe-ters343

Types DG-1, DG-3 and DG-5344

Types DG-2, DG-4 and DG-6344

Contact-Operated, Indicating De-mand Meters345

Type M-11 Demand Meter A-C346

Type M-12 Demand Meter D-C346

Type M-13 Demand Meter A-C346

Type M-15 Demand Meter D-C346

Type M-16 Demand Meter A-C348

Type M-17 Demand Meter D-C348

Contact-Operated, Graphic Demand Meters348

Type G-8 Demand Meters350

Type G-9 Demand Meters350

Type GS-12 Demand Meters350

Charts for Meters352

Types BR-1 and BR-2 Demand Meters352

Demand-Limiting Meters352

TypesGM-10 and GMS-11352

Contact-Operated, Printing De-mand Meters353

PD Series353

Type PD-7 Demand Mete355

Contact-Making Clocks356

Type C and CS Series356

Types CS-8 and C-8356

Types CS-9 and C-9356

Type C-11357

Type C-12357

Type C-13357

Type C-14357

Type C-15357

Type C-16357

Type C-17357

Demand Meter Relay Switches357

Type R Series357

Contact Devices357

Types D-5, D-12 and D-13357

Kilowatt Constant359

Intermediate Relays361

Types S-1 and S-2361

Totalizing Relays361

Type DT Series361

Type DT-1362

Type DT-2362

Type DT-3363

Totalizers363

Type MD-1-D2363

Type MD-3364

Thermal Demand Meters367

Type HI-1-A367

Type HI-1-S368

Combination Watthour Thermal Demand Meters368

Type IHM-1-A368

Type IHM-1-S368

Combination WatthourThermal Kilovolt-Ampere Meter368

Type IHE-1-A368

Type IHE-1-S369

Directions for Use of Tables369

SECTION 15 SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY METERS391

Mercury Motor Meters391

Type D-5 Watthour Meter391

Type D-5 Ampere-Hour Meter391

Type N Ampere-Hour Meter391

Alternating-Current Watthour Me-ters391

Type HC Single-Phase Watthour Meter391

Type HF Watthour Meter392

Type HFA Single-Phase Watt-hour Mete392

Type HFB Single-Phase Watt-hour Meter394

Type HFC Single-Phase Watt-hour Meter394

Type HFS Single-Phase Watt-hour Meter394

Types JA and JS Single-Phase Watthour Meters395

Polyphase Watthour Meters398

Type HC Two-Element Poly-phase Watthour Meter （Verti-calConstruction）398

Type HC Two-Element Poly-phase Watthour Meter （Hori-zontal Construction）399

Type HC Three-Element Poly-phase Meter399

Type HC Switchboard Meter399

Type HF Two-Element Poly-phase Watthour Meter399

Type L-2 Two-Element Single-Disk Watthour Meter400

Type L-3 Three-Element, Single-Disk Watthour Meter402

Type LC-2, LC-2A, LC-21/2 and LC-3 Polyphase Watthour Me-ters402

Detailed Data and ConstantsTables405

Portable StandarWatthour Me-ters405

Type HP-6 Portable Test Meter405

Type J-3 and J-5 Portable TestMeters405

Type J-33 Portable Test Meter408

Instrument Multipliers408

Special Meters408

Time Switches408

Type HV Watthour Meter409

Type JV Watthour Meter409

Two-Rate Registers411

Indicating Demand Registers413

Type HB Register413

Type HG Register413

pe HGC Register413

Type JG Register413

Type LG Register417

Type LCGC Register417

Contact-Operated Indicating De-mand Meters418

Form G Demand Meter419

Type AG Demand Meter419

Contact Devices420

Thermal Type Demand Meters420

Type WD Watt Demand Meter422

Types WDA, WDP, and WDS Watt Demand Meters422

Types JWA and JWS423

Type AD Ampere Demand Meter423

Types CCW and CCA Graphie Demand Meters423

Directions for Use of Tables425

SECTION 16 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION METERS431

Single-Phase Meters431

Type OB One-Element431

Type OB Detachable431

Type OB—25 Cycle431

Type OC—One Element431

Type OC—One Element—De-tachable432

Type CA—One Element432

Type CS—One Element432

Type CB—One Element432

Type CB-F—One Element432

Polyphase Meters432

Type S Sockets436

Varhour Meters436

Types XCS and XCA Varhour Meters436

Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters437

Type OB437

Type CP437

Bearings438

Indicating Demand Registers439

Type OB Register439

Type DR Register439

Type RW Register440

Type RW Register441

Type RL Register441

Type RI-2 Register443

Recording Watthour Demand Me-ters443

Type RB443

Type R-2443

Type TR-2446

Type RI Record Watthour and Kva Demand Meter446

Indicating Kva Demand Meters448

Type RK Indicating Kva De-mand Meter448

Type RKD Kva Impulse Trans-mitters449

Type W A Contact-Operated Indi-cating Demand Meter449

Type WRA or RA Impulse Re-cording Demand Meter450

Type WRI Kva Impulse Oper-ated Receiver451

Contact Devices, Types CD-2,CD-3, and QD452

Demand Constant453

Type RT Impulse Totalizing Re-lay454

Time Switches454

Type TCS and TCA Combina-tion Watthour Meter and Time Switch454

Type TS and TA Time Switch455

Combination Watthour and Ther-mal Demand Meter456

Types CAH and CSH Combina-tion Watthour and ThermalWatt Demand Meters456

Type KAH Thermal Kva De-mand Meter460

Type QCA Combination Watt-hour Meter and Thermal Am-pere Demand Meter461

Directions for Use of Tables462

SECTION 17 REGISTER CONSTANTSAND DEMAND SCALES487

Register Constants487

Demand Scales487

Indicating Demand Registers487

Indicating Thermal Watt De-mand Meters489

SECTION 18 TECHNICAL DATA ANDTABLES491

Abbreviations491

Fundamental Units492

Electrical Units492

Measurements492

Conversion Factors492

Metric-English Equivalents493

Comparison of Thermometrical Scales494

Decimal Equivalents494

Temperature495

Greek Alphabet495

Symbols of Units495

Geometrical495

Mechanical496

Magnetic496

Electrical496

Wire Calculations498

Ohm's Law498

Voltage Drop498

Allowable Number of Wires inConduit499

Allowable Current-Carrying Capa-cities of Conductors in Am-peres500

Fusing Currents of Copper,Ger-man Silver or Iron Wires501

Comparison of Wire Gages502

Ampere Ratings of A-C and D-C Motors503

Current Calculations504

Useful Electrical Formulas for De-termining Amperes, Horse-power, Kilowatts and Kilovolt-Amperes504

Data on Pulleys and Gears505

Rule for Finding Size of Pulleys506

Trigonometric Functions506

The Slide Rule507

Application to Meter Testing512

Practice Problems514

Common Logarithms of Numbers515

BIBLIOGRAPHY521

APPENDIX—Excerpts reproduced from fourth edition （1923） of Handbookfor Electrical Metermen523

Duncan Watthour Meters525

General Electric Watthour Meters541

Sangamo Watthour Meters561

Westinghouse Watthour Meters579

INDEX601